שמות השרירים , המבנה והתנועות שלהם – תחל, אחז, פעולה – A.I.O

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Trapezius

• Origin:
  • Superior nuchal (base of the skull)
  • Spinous processes C7 – T12
• Insertion:
  • Spine of Scapula
  • Lateral ⅓ of the clavicle
  • Acromion
• Action:
  • Upper fibers of trapezius
    • Elevation of scapula
    • Retraction of scapula
  • Middle fibers of trapezius
    • Retraction of scapula
  • Lower fibers of trapezius
    • Depression of scapula
    • Retraction of scapula
  • Lower and upper together
    • Lateral rotation of the scapula

Rhomboids

• Origin:
  • C7 – T5
• Insertion: 
  • Medial border of scapula
• Action: 
  • Retraction of scapula
  • Elevation of scapula

Latissimus Dorsi

• Origin: 
  • Spinous processes T6 – T12
  • Thoracolumbar fascia
  • 3-4 bottom ribs
  • Iliac crest
• Insertion:
  • Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
• Action:
  • Shoulder extension
  • Shoulder adduction
  • Medial rotation of the shoulder

Deltoids

• Origin:
  • Anterior deltoid: lateral ⅓ of the clavicle
  • Medial deltoid: lateral part of the acromion
  • Posterior deltoid: spine of scapula
• Insertion:
  • Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
• Action:
  • Anterior deltoid: 
    • Shoulder flexion
    • Horizontal adduction of shoulder
    • Helps in medial rotation of shoulder
  • Medial deltoid
    • Shoulder abduction (over 15 degrees)
  • Posterior deltoid
    • Shoulder extension
    • Horizontal abduction of shoulder
    • Lateral rotation of shoulder

Levator Scapula

• Origin: 
  • Spinous processes C1 – C4
• Insertion:
  • Medial border of scapula
• Action:
  • Elevation of scapula

Supraspinatus (rotator cuff)

• Origin:
  • Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
• Insertion:
  • Greater tuberosity of the humerus
• Action: 
  • Shoulder abduction (up to 15 degrees)

Infraspinatus (rotator cuff)

• Origin:
  • Infraspinous fossa
• Insertion:
  • Greater tuberosity of the humerus (right under supraspinatus)
• Action:
  • Lateral rotation of shoulder

Teres Minor (rotator cuff)

• Origin:
  • Lateral border of scapula
• Insertion:
  • Inferior facet of the greater tuberosity of the humerus
  • Capsule of the glenohumeral joint
• Action:
  • Lateral rotation of shoulder

Subscapularis (rotator cuff)

• Origin:
  • Subscapular fossa 
• Insertion:
  • Lesser tuberosity of the humerus
• Action:
  • Medial rotation of the shoulder

Serratus anterior

• Origin:
  • Outer lateral section of ribs 1-8
• Insertion:
  • Medial border of scapula (through subscapular fossa)
• Action:
  • Protraction
  • Lateral rotation of scapula
  • Breathing muscles

Teres Major

• Origin:
  • Posterior inferior angle of scapula (on the bone itself)
• Insertion:
  • Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
• Action:
  • Shoulder adduction
  • Shoulder extension
  • Medial rotation of shoulder

Biceps brachii

• Origin;
  • Long head – supraglenoid tuberosity
  • Short head – coracoid process
• Insertion:
  • Radial tuberosity
• Action:
  • Elbow flexion
  • Supination

Subclavius

• Origin:
  • Costal cartilage of 1st rib
• Insertion
  • Inferior middle ⅓ of clavicle
• Action:
  • Depression of clavicle
  • Elevation of first rib

Pectoralis Minor

• Origin:
  • Costal cartilage of ribs 3 – 5
• Insertion:
  • Coracoid process
• Action:
  • Depression of scapula
  • Medial rotation of scapula

Pectoralis major

• Origin:
  • Upper pectoralis – ⅔ medial clavicle 
  • Middle pectoralis – sternum
  • Lower pectoralis – costal cartilage of ribs 1 – 6
• Insertion
  • Bicipital groove of humerus
• Action:
  • Upper pectoralis – shoulder flexion
  • Middle pectoralis – horizontal adduction
  • Lower pectoralis – medial rotation of the shoulder, shoulder extension

Coracobrachialis

• Origin:
  • Coracoid process
• Insertion:
  • Medial ⅓ of humerus
• Action:
  • Shoulder flexion
  • Shoulder adduction

Brachialis

• Origin:
  • Distal half of anterior humerus
• Insertion:
  • Ulnar tuberosity
• Action:
  • Forearm flexion

Brachoradialis

• Origin:
  • Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
  • Just above lateral epicondyle
• Insertion:
  • Lateral side of distal end of radius
• Action:
  • Forearm flexion
  • Pronation to midpoint
  • Supination to midpoint

Triceps brachii

• Origin:
  • Long head – infraglenoid tuberosity of scapula
  • medial/lateral heads – posterior surface of humerus
• Insertion:
  • Olecranon process of ulna
• Action:
  • Elbow extension
  • Long head – shoulder extension

Rectus femoris (Quadriceps femoris)

• Origin:
  • Superior section of AIIS (Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine) over the acetabulum
• Insertion: 
  • Tibial tuberosity
• Action:
  • Knee extension
  • Hip flexion (secondary)

Vastus Medialis, intermedius, and lateralis (Quadriceps femoris)

• Origin:
  • Lateralis: greater trochanter
  • Intertrochanteric line
  • Superior lateral area of femur
• Insertion:
  • Tibial tuberosity
• Action:
  • Knee extension

Iliopsoas (made up of Iliacus and psoas)

• Psoas major:
  • Origin
    • T12-L5
  • Insertion:
    • Lesser trochanter
  • Action:
    • Hip flexion
    • Trunk flexion
• Iliacus
  • Origin:
    • Iliac crest
    • Iliac fossa
  • Insertion:
    • Lesser trochanter
  • Action:
    • Hip flexion

Pectineus

• Origin:
  • Superior ramus of pubic
• Insertion:
  • Inferior area to lesser trochanter
• Action:
  • Hip flexion
  • Hip adduction
  • Medial rotation

Gastrocnemius

• Origin:
  • Lateral head – superior area to lateral epicondyle
  • Medial head – superior area to medial epicondyle 
• Insertion:
  • Achilles tendon connecting to posterior calcaneus
• Action:
  • Plantarflexion
  • Knee flexion

Soleus

• Origin:
  • Head of fibula
  • Medial border of tibia
• Insertion:
  • Achilles tendon connecting to calcaneus
• Action:
  • Plantarflexion

Tibialis anterior

• Origin:
  • Proximal lateral tibia
• Insertion
  • Medial cuneiform
  • Base of 1st metatarsal
• Action:
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Inversion

Gluteus Maximus (Gluteus)

• Origin:
  • Posterior medial area of ilium
  • Posterior area of sacrum/coccyx
• Insertion
  • Gluteal tuberosity of femur
  • Iliotibial tract
• Action:
  • Hip extension
  • Lateral rotation of femur

Gluteus medius (gluteus)

• Origin:
  • Superior posterior lip of Ilium
• Insertion:
  • Greater trochanter
• Action:
  • Hip abduction
  • Medial rotation of femur

Gluteus minimus (gluteus)

• Origin:
  • Superior posterior area of Ilium
• Insertion:
  • Greater trochanter
• Action:
  • Hip abduction
  • Medial rotation of femur

Biceps femoris (hamstrings)

• Origin:
  • Long head – ischial tuberosity
  • Short head – posterior femur
• Insertion:
  • Head of fibula
• Action:
  • Knee flexion
  • Hip extension
  • Lateral rotation of knee

Semimembranosus (Hamstrings)

• Origin:
  • Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion:
  • Medial condyle of tibia
• Action: 
  • Hip extension
  • Knee flexion
  • Medial rotation of knee

Semitendinosus (Hamstrings)

• Origin:
  • Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion:
  • Superior medial part of tibia
• Action:
  • Medial knee rotation
  • Knee flexion
  • Hip extension

Obturator externus (Adductors)

• Origin:
  • Obturator foramen
• Insertion:
  • Medial surface of greater trochanter
• Action:
  • External hip rotation
  • Hip adduction

Adductor Brevis (adductors)

• Origin:
  • Body of pubic
• Insertion:
  • Posterior proximal part of femur
• Action
  • Hip adduction
  • Hip flexion

Adductor longus (adductors)

• Origin:
  • Body of pubic
• Insertion:
  • Medial posterior part of femur
• Action:
  • Hip adduction
  • Hip flexion

Adductor magnus (Adductors)

• Origin:
  • Inferior ramus of body of pubic
  • Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion:
  • Gluteal tuberosity of femur
  • Adductor tuberosity of femur
• Action:
  • Hip adduction
  • Hip flexion (adductor portion)
  • Hip extension (hamstring portion)

Biggest of adductors 

• Most posterior has an adductor section and hamstring section
• 2 heads in which femoral artery passes through

Gracilis (Adductors)

• Origin:
  • Body of pubic
• Insertion:
  • Superior medial surface of tibia
• Action:
  • Hip adduction
  • Knee flexion
  • Medial rotation of femur